Roczniki Psychologiczne 7 (2004) no. 2 – Summaries
Józef KRÓL, Psychologiczne koncepcje doświadczenia religijnego // Psychological conceptions of a religious experience (Sum.). Roczniki Psychologiczne 7 (2004) no. 2, pp. 5-21.
The article presents psychological conceptions of a religious experience.
The first part presents three definitions of an experience: 1) the empirical concept of an experience – an experience is a sensual perception and its mental processing; 2) the phenomenological concept of an experience – anything given directly to subconsciousness constitutes the object of an experience; 3) the hermeneutical concept of an experience – an experience is a process, a „movement” of consciousness – which leads to comprehension of something, to a particular insight.
The second part of the article presents two conceptions of a religious experience: 1) phenomenological conception of a religious experience; 2) hermeneutical conception of a religious experience. The latter pays particular attention to the dialogic, historical and linguistic character of a religious experience.
Słowa kluczowe: doświadczenie religijne, koncepcje doświadczenia religijnego, psychologia religii.
Key words: religious experience, conceptions of a religious experience, psychology of religion.
***
Bartosz ZALESKI, Zjawisko pozycjonowania w dialogowych teoriach osobowości // Positioning phenomena in dialogical theories of personality (Sum.). Roczniki Psychologiczne 7 (2004) no. 2, pp. 23-43.
The article defines basic notions of dialogical theories, concentrating mostly on the phenomenon of positioning. It discusses narrative theories and Bachtin’s literary theory as the source for dialogical theories. It describes the nature of positioning and presents particular aspects of this phenomenon. It defines positioning as a process occurring between inner positions as well as between people. Moreover it presents such notions as I, dialogical self, I position, self and voice, showing different definitions and giving examples. It discusses in detail various aspects of positioning, basing on theories of Hermans, Harre and Shotter. It presents practical conclusions from these theories.
Słowa kluczowe: dialogowe Ja, pozycjonowanie, dyskurs.
Key words: dialogical self, positioning, discourse.
***
Krzysztof FRONCZYK, Palenie papierosów a cechy osobowości – przegląd badań // Smoking and personality traits – literature review (Sum.). Roczniki Psychologiczne 7 (2004) no. 2, pp. 45-62.
This paper revievs research findings about the role of individual differences in smoking addiction. Data from cross-sectional and longitudinal studies are presented. Smoking addiction is related to Eysenck’s basic personality dimensions and to subdimensions of basic characteristics of personality. However, some research findings do not confirm this link, especially, the relationship between neuroticism and smoking is rather weak. One of possible explanations is that the group of smokers is heterogeneous with regard to personality dimensions and demographic variables. Thus, it is possible to distinguish different types of smokers. Future research into individual causes of smoking must take into account associations with demographic and social factors to understand smoking as a complex human behaviour.
Słowa kluczowe: uzależnienie od palenia papierosów, osobowość.
Key words: smoking dependence, personality.
***
Hanna BEDNAREK, Justyna OLSZEWSKA, Sprawność poznawczych operacji umysłowych a poprawność wnioskowania dedukcyjnego // Relationship between imagination and syllogistic reasoning (Sum.). Roczniki Psychologiczne 7 (2004) no. 2, pp. 63-79.
The purpose of this study is to present the relationship between imagination and syllogistic reasoning. Research has been based on Philip Johnson-Laird’s mental models theory which enables us to see interdependence between imagination and this particular kind of thinking – syllogistic reasoning. Cognitive psychology makes it possible to look for relationships between using certain rules of logical reasoning and functioning of imagination. It is imagination that lets us transform what is not visible. Imagination, therefore, can be helpful in drawing conlusions. Research presented here shows the relationship between the efficiency of spatial imagination and capacity for syllogistic reasoning.
Słowa kluczowe: zdolności przestrzenne, wyobraźnia przestrzenna, profil wykształcenia, wnioskowanie dedukcyjne.
Key words: spatial skills, spatial imagination, educational profile, deductive conclusions.
***
Piotr MARCHWICKI, Style przywiązania a postawy rodzicielskie. Doniesienie z badań // Attachment styles and parental attitudes: An empirical research (Sum.). Roczniki Psychologiczne 7 (2004) no. 2, pp. 81-103.
The present study verifies in the Polish cultural context results of previously conducted studies in links between the attachment quality and the quality of parental care. Measures of insecure childhood attachment styles to both parents, secure and insecure adolescent attachment styles, along with measures of parental attitudes of both parents were completed by a sample of 85 secondary school students (54 girls and 31 boys). Insecure (avoidant and anxious / ambivalent) childhood attachment styles to mother correlated positively with rejecting and demanding maternal attitudes and negatively with loving, protecting and casual attitude. The same kind of links was observed: a) between insecure childhood attachment styles to father and paternal attitudes; b) between insecure adolescent attachment styles and parental attitudes of both parents. Secure adolescent attachment style correlated positively with loving, protecting and casual parental attitudes of both parents and negatively with rejecting and demanding attitudes. These results support the results obtained in studies conducted mainly in the Anglo-Saxon cultural context where similar links between attachment quality and quality of parental care were found.
Słowa kluczowe: teoria przywiązania, style przywiązania, postawy rodzicielskie.
Key words: attachment theory, attachment styles, parental attitudes.
***
Jolanta TOMCZUK, Związek empatii z doświadczeniem – narracyjne badania eksperymentalne // The relationship between empathy and experience – narrative experimental studies (Sum.). Roczniki Psychologiczne 7 (2004) no. 2, pp. 105-130.
The goal of this study is to answer the question concerning the relationship between empathy and a range of significant personal events in the individual’s past, presence or future 30 students took part in this exploratory study. The narrative method becomed transform in experimental research. The Herman’s Self-Confrontation Method was used to measure subjects’ experiences and the accuracy of their empathic understanding in relation to other peoples’ experience. Davis’ Interpersonal Reactivity Index was used to categorize subjects in terms of their varying levels of empathy.
The results showed that people who have limited self-knowledge with regard to specific types of experiences do not have empathic understanding of others’ experience. In contrast, individuals who in their system valued these types of experiences tend to understand them also in others. More empathic individuals possess more types of experiences and have greater understanding of these experiences in others, whereas less empathic individuals possess fewer types of experiences and do not accurately understand these experiences in others.
Słowa kluczowe: empatia, znaczące życiowe doświadczenia, Metoda Konfrontacji z Sobą, typy doświadczenia, narracyjne badania eksperymentalne.
Key words: empathy, significant personal events, Self-Confrontation Method, types of experiences, narrative experimental studies.
***
Maria KAŹMIERCZAK, Empatia w strukturach organizacyjnych // Empathy in the working environment (Sum.). Roczniki Psychologiczne 7 (2004) no. 2, pp. 131-144.
Over the past few years we have observed an increasing number of theories concerning empathy and its positive influence on our everyday life. This article deals with the issue of empathy in the working environment. In a survey of studies the author attempts to prove that this dispositional trait is required in various professions at different ranks of an organizational hierarchy. Possible negative consequences of empathizing are considered as well. The author concludes that empathy, once neglected, nowadays is highly valued by psychology of organization and management.
Słowa kluczowe: empatia, środowisko pracy, współodczuwanie, satysfakcja z pracy.
Key words: empathy, working environment, empathizing, job satisfaction.
